2000 lines
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HTML
2000 lines
96 KiB
HTML
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<title>Arch Linux – Základní příkazy · Arch Linux CZ</title>
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<meta property="og:description" content="Arch Linux – Základní příkazy # Praktický průvodce pro začátečníky a mírně pokročilé uživatele
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1. Úvod # Arch Linux je minimalistická rolling-release distribuce – dostaneš čistý systém bez zbytečností a sám si ho postavíš podle sebe. Žádný GUI instalátor, žádné předinstalované haraburdí.
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Proč znát příkazy? Protože na Archu neexistuje klikací záchranný kruh. Když se něco rozbije (a rozbije), terminal je jediná cesta ven. A taky je to prostě rychlejší než jakékoliv GUI.">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Arch Linux – Základní příkazy">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="Arch Linux – Základní příkazy # Praktický průvodce pro začátečníky a mírně pokročilé uživatele
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1. Úvod # Arch Linux je minimalistická rolling-release distribuce – dostaneš čistý systém bez zbytečností a sám si ho postavíš podle sebe. Žádný GUI instalátor, žádné předinstalované haraburdí.
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Proč znát příkazy? Protože na Archu neexistuje klikací záchranný kruh. Když se něco rozbije (a rozbije), terminal je jediná cesta ven. A taky je to prostě rychlejší než jakékoliv GUI.">
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bf-scrollbar">
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<span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M310.6 361.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.75 0 45.25C304.4 412.9 296.2 416 288 416s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375L160 301.3L54.63 406.6C48.38 412.9 40.19 416 32 416S15.63 412.9 9.375 406.6c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25l105.4-105.4L9.375 150.6c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L160 210.8l105.4-105.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-105.4 105.4L310.6 361.4z"/></svg>
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<span title="Arch Linux CZ" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
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Domů
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</a>
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<span title="" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
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Návody
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</span>
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</div>
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<span title="" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
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Zprávy
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</a>
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|
||
<div class="px-2">
|
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<a
|
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href="/o-arch-linuxu/"
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aria-label="O Arch Linuxu"
|
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|
||
class="flex items-center gap-4 group bf-icon-color-hover text-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-200">
|
||
|
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<span title="Co je Arch Linux" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
|
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O Arch Linuxu
|
||
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|
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|
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</div>
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|
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|
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<div class="px-2">
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<a
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href="https://wiki.arch-linux.cz/shelves/arch-linux-cz"
|
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aria-label="Wiki"
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|
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target="_blank"
|
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class="flex items-center gap-4 group bf-icon-color-hover text-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-200">
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<span title="" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
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Wiki
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</span>
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</a>
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|
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</div>
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|
||
<div class="px-2">
|
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<a
|
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aria-label="Fórum"
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|
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class="flex items-center gap-4 group bf-icon-color-hover text-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-200">
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<span title="" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
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Fórum
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</a>
|
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|
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||
</div>
|
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||
|
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<div class="px-2">
|
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<a
|
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aria-label="Komunita"
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class="flex items-center gap-4 group bf-icon-color-hover text-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-200">
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<span title="Komunita" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
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Komunita
|
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</span>
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||
</a>
|
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|
||
|
||
</div>
|
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|
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|
||
<div class="px-2">
|
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<a
|
||
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aria-label="Podpořte nás"
|
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<span title="Podpořte nás" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
|
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Podpořte nás
|
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</a>
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</div>
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|
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<div class="px-2">
|
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<a
|
||
href="/posts/"
|
||
aria-label="Archiv"
|
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|
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class="flex items-center gap-4 group bf-icon-color-hover text-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-200">
|
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|
||
<span title="Archiv článků" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
|
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Archiv
|
||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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<div class="px-2">
|
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<a
|
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href="/tags/"
|
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aria-label="Tagy"
|
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|
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<span title="Tags" class="text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight">
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Tagy
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</nav>
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<div class="relative flex flex-col grow">
|
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<main id="main-content" class="grow">
|
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|
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|
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<article>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<header id="single_header" class="mt-5 max-w-prose">
|
||
|
||
<h1 class="mt-0 text-4xl font-extrabold text-neutral-900 dark:text-neutral">
|
||
Arch Linux – Základní příkazy
|
||
</h1>
|
||
<div class="mt-1 mb-6 text-base text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 print:hidden">
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<time datetime="2026-03-26T00:00:00+00:00">26. března 2026</time><span class="px-2 text-primary-500">·</span><span>1355 slov</span><span class="px-2 text-primary-500">·</span><span title="Doba čtení">7 min</span>
|
||
|
||
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</div>
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|
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<div class="flex flex-row flex-wrap items-center">
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<a class="relative mt-[0.5rem] me-2" href="/categories/n%C3%A1vody/">
|
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|
||
<span class="flex cursor-pointer">
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="rounded-md border border-primary-400 px-1 py-[1px] text-xs font-normal text-primary-700 dark:border-primary-600 dark:text-primary-400">
|
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|
||
Návody
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="relative mt-[0.5rem] me-2" href="/categories/arch-linux/">
|
||
|
||
<span class="flex cursor-pointer">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="rounded-md border border-primary-400 px-1 py-[1px] text-xs font-normal text-primary-700 dark:border-primary-600 dark:text-primary-400">
|
||
|
||
Arch Linux
|
||
</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="flex author">
|
||
|
||
<div class="place-self-center">
|
||
|
||
<div class="text-[0.6rem] uppercase leading-3 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400">
|
||
Autor
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="font-semibold leading-6 text-neutral-800 dark:text-neutral-300">
|
||
Arch Linux CZ
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="text-sm text-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-400">Návody, novinky a podpora pro uživatele Arch Linuxu v češtině.</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="text-2xl sm:text-lg">
|
||
<div class="flex flex-wrap text-neutral-400 dark:text-neutral-500 space-x-2">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a
|
||
class=" hover:text-primary-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
|
||
href="https://gts.arch-linux.cz/@arch"
|
||
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
aria-label="Fediverse"
|
||
title="Fediverse"
|
||
rel="me noopener noreferrer"
|
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<a
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><span class="inline-block align-text-bottom"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="5.67 143.05 628.65 387.55"><path fill="currentColor" d="M115.912 143.075c-6.462 0-13.762.525-22.012 2.325-8.7 1.8-33.5 7.4-53.8 26.9C-4.9 212.4 6.6 276.2 8 285.8c1.7 11.7 6.9 44.2 31.7 72.5 45.8 56.1 144.4 54.8 144.4 54.8s12.1 28.9 30.6 55.5c25 33.1 50.7 58.9 75.7 62 63 0 188.9-.1 188.9-.1s12 .1 28.3-10.3c14-8.5 26.5-23.4 26.5-23.4S547 483 565 451.5c5.5-9.7 10.1-19.1 14.1-28 0 0 55.2-117.1 55.2-231.1-1.1-34.5-9.6-40.6-11.6-42.6-4.1-4.1-9.6-4-9.6-4s-117.2 6.6-177.9 8c-13.267.3-26.433.597-39.5.697l.1 117.002s57.4 24.202 83.1 40.102c3.7 2.3 10.2 6.798 12.9 14.398 2.1 6.1 2 13.101-1 19.301l-61 126.9c-6.2 12.7-21.4 18.1-33.9 12l-126.9-61c-12.5-6-17.9-21.2-11.8-33.8l61-126.9c6-12.5 21.2-17.9 33.8-11.8a5290.322 5290.322 0 0 0 27 12.954c0-36.449-.1-109.053-.1-109.053-29 .4-89.2-2.201-89.2-2.201s-141.4-7.1-156.8-8.5c-4.9-.3-10.525-.825-16.988-.825zm12.188 48.026s7.1 59.399 15.7 94.199c7.2 29.2 24.8 77.7 24.8 77.7s-26.1-3.1-43-9.1c-25.9-8.5-36.9-18.7-36.9-18.7S69.6 321.8 60 295.4c-16.5-44.2-1.4-71.2-1.4-71.2s8.4-22.5 38.5-30c13.8-3.7 31-3.1 31-3.1z"/><path fill="currentColor" d="M326.8 380.1c-8.2.1-15.4 5.8-17.3 13.8-1.9 8 2 16.3 9.1 20 7.7 4 17.5 1.8 22.7-5.4 5.1-7.1 4.3-16.9-1.8-23.1l24-49.1c1.5.1 3.7.2 6.2-.5 4.1-.9 7.1-3.6 7.1-3.6 4.2 1.8 8.6 3.8 13.2 6.1 4.8 2.4 9.3 4.9 13.4 7.3.9.5 1.8 1.1 2.8 1.9 1.6 1.3 3.4 3.1 4.7 5.5 1.9 5.5-1.9 14.9-1.9 14.9-2.3 7.6-18.4 40.6-18.4 40.6-8.1-.2-15.3 5-17.7 12.5-2.6 8.1 1.1 17.3 8.9 21.3 7.8 4 17.4 1.7 22.5-5.3 5-6.8 4.6-16.3-1.1-22.6 1.9-3.7 3.7-7.4 5.6-11.3 5-10.4 13.5-30.4 13.5-30.4.9-1.7 5.7-10.3 2.7-21.3-2.5-11.4-12.6-16.7-12.6-16.7-12.2-7.9-29.2-15.2-29.2-15.2s0-4.1-1.1-7.1c-1.1-3.1-2.8-5.1-3.9-6.3 4.7-9.7 9.4-19.3 14.1-29-4.1-2-8.1-4-12.2-6.1-4.8 9.8-9.7 19.7-14.5 29.5-6.7-.1-12.9 3.5-16.1 9.4-3.4 6.3-2.7 14.1 1.9 19.8l-24.6 50.4z"/></svg></span></span></a
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a
|
||
class=" hover:text-primary-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
|
||
href="https://matrix.to/#/#archlinuxcz:matrix.org"
|
||
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
aria-label="Matrix"
|
||
title="Matrix"
|
||
rel="me noopener noreferrer"
|
||
><span class="inline-block align-text-bottom"><span class="relative block icon"><svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Matrix</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M.632.55v22.9H2.28V24H0V0h2.28v.55zm7.043 7.26v1.157h.033c.309-.443.683-.784 1.117-1.024.433-.245.936-.365 1.5-.365.54 0 1.033.107 1.481.314.448.208.785.582 1.02 1.108.254-.374.6-.706 1.034-.992.434-.287.95-.43 1.546-.43.453 0 .872.056 1.26.167.388.11.716.286.993.53.276.245.489.559.646.951.152.392.23.863.23 1.417v5.728h-2.349V11.52c0-.286-.01-.559-.032-.812a1.755 1.755 0 0 0-.18-.66 1.106 1.106 0 0 0-.438-.448c-.194-.11-.457-.166-.785-.166-.332 0-.6.064-.803.189a1.38 1.38 0 0 0-.48.499 1.946 1.946 0 0 0-.231.696 5.56 5.56 0 0 0-.06.785v4.768h-2.35v-4.8c0-.254-.004-.503-.018-.752a2.074 2.074 0 0 0-.143-.688 1.052 1.052 0 0 0-.415-.503c-.194-.125-.476-.19-.854-.19-.111 0-.259.024-.439.074-.18.051-.36.143-.53.282-.171.138-.319.337-.439.595-.12.259-.18.6-.18 1.02v4.966H5.46V7.81zm15.693 15.64V.55H21.72V0H24v24h-2.28v-.55z"/></svg></span></span></a
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a
|
||
class=" hover:text-primary-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
|
||
href="/index.xml"
|
||
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
aria-label="Rss"
|
||
title="Rss"
|
||
rel="me noopener noreferrer"
|
||
><span class="inline-block align-text-bottom"><span class="relative block icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 64C0 46.3 14.3 32 32 32c229.8 0 416 186.2 416 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32C384 253.6 226.4 96 32 96C14.3 96 0 81.7 0 64zM128 416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64s-64-28.7-64-64s28.7-64 64-64s64 28.7 64 64zM32 160c159.1 0 288 128.9 288 288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32c0-123.7-100.3-224-224-224c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32z"/></svg></span></span></a
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
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||
|
||
</div>
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||
</div>
|
||
</div>
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||
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||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="mb-5"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<section class="flex flex-col max-w-full mt-0 prose dark:prose-invert lg:flex-row">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="order-first lg:ms-auto px-0 lg:order-last lg:ps-8 lg:max-w-2xs">
|
||
<div class="toc ps-5 print:hidden lg:sticky lg:top-10">
|
||
<details
|
||
open
|
||
id="TOCView"
|
||
class="toc-right mt-0 overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain bf-scrollbar rounded-lg -ms-5 ps-5 pe-2 hidden lg:block">
|
||
<summary
|
||
class="block py-1 text-lg font-semibold cursor-pointer bg-neutral-100 text-neutral-800 -ms-5 ps-5 dark:bg-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-100 lg:hidden">
|
||
Obsah
|
||
</summary>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="min-w-[220px] py-2 border-dotted border-s-1 -ms-5 ps-5 dark:border-neutral-600">
|
||
<nav id="TableOfContents">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#1-úvod">1. Úvod</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#2-práce-se-systémem">2. Práce se systémem</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#uname--a--informace-o-jádře"><code>uname -a</code> — informace o jádře</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#uptime--jak-dlouho-běží-systém"><code>uptime</code> — jak dlouho běží systém</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#htop--top--sledování-procesů"><code>htop</code> / <code>top</code> — sledování procesů</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#3-správa-balíčků--pacman">3. Správa balíčků – pacman</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#aktualizace-celého-systému">Aktualizace celého systému</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#instalace-balíčku">Instalace balíčku</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#odstranění-balíčku-včetně-závislostí-a-config-souborů">Odstranění balíčku (včetně závislostí a config souborů)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#hledání-balíčku-v-repozitáři">Hledání balíčku v repozitáři</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#hledání-v-nainstalovaných-balíčcích">Hledání v nainstalovaných balíčcích</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#4-práce-se-soubory-a-adresáři">4. Práce se soubory a adresáři</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#orientace-v-systému">Orientace v systému</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#kopírování-přesun-mazání">Kopírování, přesun, mazání</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#vytváření-adresářů">Vytváření adresářů</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#tree--stromové-zobrazení"><code>tree</code> — stromové zobrazení</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#5-práce-s-obsahem-souborů">5. Práce s obsahem souborů</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#zobrazení-obsahu">Zobrazení obsahu</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#editory">Editory</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#grep--hledání-v-souborech"><code>grep</code> — hledání v souborech</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#6-oprávnění-a-vlastnictví">6. Oprávnění a vlastnictví</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#chmod--práva-souborů"><code>chmod</code> — práva souborů</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#chown--změna-vlastníka"><code>chown</code> — změna vlastníka</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#7-systémové-služby--systemd">7. Systémové služby – systemd</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#stav-služby">Stav služby</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#start--stop--restart">Start / stop / restart</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#povolení-při-startu-systému">Povolení při startu systému</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#logy--journalctl">Logy – journalctl</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#8-síťové-příkazy">8. Síťové příkazy</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#ip-a--zobrazení-síťových-rozhraní"><code>ip a</code> — zobrazení síťových rozhraní</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#ping--test-dostupnosti"><code>ping</code> — test dostupnosti</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#curl--http-požadavky"><code>curl</code> — HTTP požadavky</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#ss--síťová-spojení-a-porty"><code>ss</code> — síťová spojení a porty</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#9-užitečné-nástroje">9. Užitečné nástroje</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#yay--správce-aur-balíčků"><code>yay</code> — správce AUR balíčků</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#rsync--synchronizace-a-zálohy"><code>rsync</code> — synchronizace a zálohy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#du-a-df--místo-na-disku"><code>du</code> a <code>df</code> — místo na disku</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#10-tipy-na-závěr">10. Tipy na závěr</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#aliasy--zkratky-pro-časté-příkazy">Aliasy – zkratky pro časté příkazy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#historie-příkazů">Historie příkazů</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#cheat-sheet">Cheat Sheet</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</details>
|
||
<details class="toc-inside mt-0 overflow-hidden rounded-lg -ms-5 ps-5 lg:hidden">
|
||
<summary
|
||
class="py-1 text-lg font-semibold cursor-pointer bg-neutral-100 text-neutral-800 -ms-5 ps-5 dark:bg-neutral-700 dark:text-neutral-100 lg:hidden">
|
||
Obsah
|
||
</summary>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="py-2 border-dotted border-neutral-300 border-s-1 -ms-5 ps-5 dark:border-neutral-600">
|
||
<nav id="TableOfContents">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#1-úvod">1. Úvod</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#2-práce-se-systémem">2. Práce se systémem</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#uname--a--informace-o-jádře"><code>uname -a</code> — informace o jádře</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#uptime--jak-dlouho-běží-systém"><code>uptime</code> — jak dlouho běží systém</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#htop--top--sledování-procesů"><code>htop</code> / <code>top</code> — sledování procesů</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#3-správa-balíčků--pacman">3. Správa balíčků – pacman</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#aktualizace-celého-systému">Aktualizace celého systému</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#instalace-balíčku">Instalace balíčku</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#odstranění-balíčku-včetně-závislostí-a-config-souborů">Odstranění balíčku (včetně závislostí a config souborů)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#hledání-balíčku-v-repozitáři">Hledání balíčku v repozitáři</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#hledání-v-nainstalovaných-balíčcích">Hledání v nainstalovaných balíčcích</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#4-práce-se-soubory-a-adresáři">4. Práce se soubory a adresáři</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#orientace-v-systému">Orientace v systému</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#kopírování-přesun-mazání">Kopírování, přesun, mazání</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#vytváření-adresářů">Vytváření adresářů</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#tree--stromové-zobrazení"><code>tree</code> — stromové zobrazení</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#5-práce-s-obsahem-souborů">5. Práce s obsahem souborů</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#zobrazení-obsahu">Zobrazení obsahu</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#editory">Editory</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#grep--hledání-v-souborech"><code>grep</code> — hledání v souborech</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#6-oprávnění-a-vlastnictví">6. Oprávnění a vlastnictví</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#chmod--práva-souborů"><code>chmod</code> — práva souborů</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#chown--změna-vlastníka"><code>chown</code> — změna vlastníka</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#7-systémové-služby--systemd">7. Systémové služby – systemd</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#stav-služby">Stav služby</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#start--stop--restart">Start / stop / restart</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#povolení-při-startu-systému">Povolení při startu systému</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#logy--journalctl">Logy – journalctl</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#8-síťové-příkazy">8. Síťové příkazy</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#ip-a--zobrazení-síťových-rozhraní"><code>ip a</code> — zobrazení síťových rozhraní</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#ping--test-dostupnosti"><code>ping</code> — test dostupnosti</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#curl--http-požadavky"><code>curl</code> — HTTP požadavky</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#ss--síťová-spojení-a-porty"><code>ss</code> — síťová spojení a porty</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#9-užitečné-nástroje">9. Užitečné nástroje</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#yay--správce-aur-balíčků"><code>yay</code> — správce AUR balíčků</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#rsync--synchronizace-a-zálohy"><code>rsync</code> — synchronizace a zálohy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#du-a-df--místo-na-disku"><code>du</code> a <code>df</code> — místo na disku</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#10-tipy-na-závěr">10. Tipy na závěr</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#aliasy--zkratky-pro-časté-příkazy">Aliasy – zkratky pro časté příkazy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#historie-příkazů">Historie příkazů</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#cheat-sheet">Cheat Sheet</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="min-w-0 min-h-0 max-w-fit">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-content max-w-prose mb-20">
|
||
|
||
<h1 class="relative group">Arch Linux – Základní příkazy
|
||
<div id="arch-linux--základní-příkazy" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#arch-linux--z%c3%a1kladn%c3%ad-p%c5%99%c3%adkazy" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h1>
|
||
<p><em>Praktický průvodce pro začátečníky a mírně pokročilé uživatele</em></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">1. Úvod
|
||
<div id="1-úvod" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#1-%c3%bavod" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<p>Arch Linux je minimalistická rolling-release distribuce – dostaneš čistý systém bez zbytečností a sám si ho postavíš podle sebe. Žádný GUI instalátor, žádné předinstalované haraburdí.</p>
|
||
<p>Proč znát příkazy? Protože na Archu neexistuje klikací záchranný kruh. Když se něco rozbije (a rozbije), terminal je jediná cesta ven. A taky je to prostě rychlejší než jakékoliv GUI.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">2. Práce se systémem
|
||
<div id="2-práce-se-systémem" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#2-pr%c3%a1ce-se-syst%c3%a9mem" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>uname -a</code> — informace o jádře
|
||
<div id="uname--a--informace-o-jádře" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#uname--a--informace-o-j%c3%a1d%c5%99e" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>uname -a
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># Linux mujpc 6.8.1-arch1-1 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC ...</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p>Zobrazí jméno počítače, verzi kernelu a architekturu. Hodí se při hlášení bugů nebo kontrole kernelu po aktualizaci.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>uptime</code> — jak dlouho běží systém
|
||
<div id="uptime--jak-dlouho-běží-systém" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#uptime--jak-dlouho-b%c4%9b%c5%be%c3%ad-syst%c3%a9m" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>uptime
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># 14:32:01 up 3 days, 2:14, 2 users, load average: 0.45, 0.60, 0.55</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p>Ukazuje dobu běhu + průměrnou zátěž za 1, 5 a 15 minut.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>htop</code> / <code>top</code> — sledování procesů
|
||
<div id="htop--top--sledování-procesů" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#htop--top--sledov%c3%a1n%c3%ad-proces%c5%af" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>htop <span style="color:#75715e"># přehledná TUI verze (doporučeno)</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>top <span style="color:#75715e"># základní, vždy dostupný</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p><code>htop</code> umí kill procesu přímo z rozhraní – stiskni <code>F9</code>. Nainstaluj přes <code>sudo pacman -Syu htop</code>, pokud chybí.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">3. Správa balíčků – pacman
|
||
<div id="3-správa-balíčků--pacman" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#3-spr%c3%a1va-bal%c3%ad%c4%8dk%c5%af--pacman" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<p>Pacman je správce balíčků Arch Linuxu. Rychlý, jednoduchý, žádná magie.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Aktualizace celého systému
|
||
<div id="aktualizace-celého-systému" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#aktualizace-cel%c3%a9ho-syst%c3%a9mu" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo pacman -Syu</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p><code>-S</code> = synchronizace, <code>-y</code> = refresh databáze, <code>-u</code> = upgrade. Dělej pravidelně – Arch je rolling release.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Instalace balíčku
|
||
<div id="instalace-balíčku" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#instalace-bal%c3%ad%c4%8dku" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo pacman -Syu firefox
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo pacman -Syu git neovim htop <span style="color:#75715e"># více balíčků najednou</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Odstranění balíčku (včetně závislostí a config souborů)
|
||
<div id="odstranění-balíčku-včetně-závislostí-a-config-souborů" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#odstran%c4%9bn%c3%ad-bal%c3%ad%c4%8dku-v%c4%8detn%c4%9b-z%c3%a1vislost%c3%ad-a-config-soubor%c5%af" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo pacman -Rns firefox</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p><code>-R</code> = remove, <code>-n</code> = smaž config soubory, <code>-s</code> = smaž osiřelé závislosti. Vždy používej <code>-Rns</code>, ne jen <code>-R</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Hledání balíčku v repozitáři
|
||
<div id="hledání-balíčku-v-repozitáři" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#hled%c3%a1n%c3%ad-bal%c3%ad%c4%8dku-v-repozit%c3%a1%c5%99i" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>pacman -Ss neovim
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># extra/neovim 0.9.5-1</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># Vim-fork focused on extensibility and usability</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Hledání v nainstalovaných balíčcích
|
||
<div id="hledání-v-nainstalovaných-balíčcích" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#hled%c3%a1n%c3%ad-v-nainstalovan%c3%bdch-bal%c3%ad%c4%8dc%c3%adch" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>pacman -Qs neovim
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># local/neovim 0.9.5-1</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">4. Práce se soubory a adresáři
|
||
<div id="4-práce-se-soubory-a-adresáři" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#4-pr%c3%a1ce-se-soubory-a-adres%c3%a1%c5%99i" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Orientace v systému
|
||
<div id="orientace-v-systému" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#orientace-v-syst%c3%a9mu" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>pwd <span style="color:#75715e"># kde jsem</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>ls -lah <span style="color:#75715e"># výpis adresáře (long, all, human-readable)</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>cd /etc/nginx <span style="color:#75715e"># přejít do adresáře</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>cd .. <span style="color:#75715e"># o úroveň výš</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>cd ~ <span style="color:#75715e"># domovský adresář</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Kopírování, přesun, mazání
|
||
<div id="kopírování-přesun-mazání" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#kop%c3%adrov%c3%a1n%c3%ad-p%c5%99esun-maz%c3%a1n%c3%ad" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>cp soubor.txt /tmp/soubor_backup.txt <span style="color:#75715e"># kopírování</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>cp -r slozka/ /tmp/slozka_backup/ <span style="color:#75715e"># kopírování adresáře</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>mv soubor.txt novy_nazev.txt <span style="color:#75715e"># přejmenování</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>mv soubor.txt /home/user/dokumenty/ <span style="color:#75715e"># přesun</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>rm soubor.txt <span style="color:#75715e"># smazání souboru</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>rm -rf slozka/ <span style="color:#75715e"># smazání adresáře (POZOR, nevratné)</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<blockquote></blockquote><p>⚠️ <code>rm -rf</code> se neptá. Dvakrát zkontroluj cestu.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Vytváření adresářů
|
||
<div id="vytváření-adresářů" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#vytv%c3%a1%c5%99en%c3%ad-adres%c3%a1%c5%99%c5%af" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>mkdir novy_adresar
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>mkdir -p projekty/web/css <span style="color:#75715e"># vytvoří celou cestu najednou</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>rmdir prazdny_adresar <span style="color:#75715e"># smaže jen prázdný adresář</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>tree</code> — stromové zobrazení
|
||
<div id="tree--stromové-zobrazení" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#tree--stromov%c3%a9-zobrazen%c3%ad" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>tree /etc/nginx
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># Nainstaluj: sudo pacman -Syu tree</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">5. Práce s obsahem souborů
|
||
<div id="5-práce-s-obsahem-souborů" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#5-pr%c3%a1ce-s-obsahem-soubor%c5%af" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Zobrazení obsahu
|
||
<div id="zobrazení-obsahu" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#zobrazen%c3%ad-obsahu" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>cat /etc/hostname <span style="color:#75715e"># vypíše celý soubor</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>less /var/log/pacman.log <span style="color:#75715e"># stránkování, q = konec</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>bat /etc/fstab <span style="color:#75715e"># zvýrazňování syntaxe (sudo pacman -Syu bat)</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Editory
|
||
<div id="editory" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#editory" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>nano /etc/hosts <span style="color:#75715e"># jednoduchý, pro začátečníky</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>vim /etc/pacman.conf <span style="color:#75715e"># mocný, strmá učební křivka</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>nvim ~/.config/nvim/init.lua <span style="color:#75715e"># neovim – modernější vim</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p>Základní vim survival kit:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-text" data-lang="text"><span style="display:flex;"><span>i → insert mode (psaní)
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>Esc → zpět do normal mode
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>:w → uložit
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>:q → zavřít
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>:wq → uložit a zavřít
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>:q! → zavřít bez uložení</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>grep</code> — hledání v souborech
|
||
<div id="grep--hledání-v-souborech" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#grep--hled%c3%a1n%c3%ad-v-souborech" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>grep <span style="color:#e6db74">"error"</span> /var/log/syslog <span style="color:#75715e"># hledá "error" v souboru</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>grep -r <span style="color:#e6db74">"ServerName"</span> /etc/nginx/ <span style="color:#75715e"># rekurzivně v adresáři</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>grep -n <span style="color:#e6db74">"Port"</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config <span style="color:#75715e"># ukáže číslo řádku</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>journalctl | grep <span style="color:#e6db74">"failed"</span> <span style="color:#75715e"># filtrování výstupu</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">6. Oprávnění a vlastnictví
|
||
<div id="6-oprávnění-a-vlastnictví" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#6-opr%c3%a1vn%c4%9bn%c3%ad-a-vlastnictv%c3%ad" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>chmod</code> — práva souborů
|
||
<div id="chmod--práva-souborů" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#chmod--pr%c3%a1va-soubor%c5%af" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>chmod +x skript.sh <span style="color:#75715e"># přidej právo spuštění</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>chmod <span style="color:#ae81ff">644</span> soubor.txt <span style="color:#75715e"># rw-r--r--</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>chmod <span style="color:#ae81ff">755</span> /usr/local/bin/skript <span style="color:#75715e"># rwxr-xr-x (typické pro spustitelné soubory)</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>chmod -R <span style="color:#ae81ff">755</span> slozka/ <span style="color:#75715e"># rekurzivně</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p>Orientace v číslech:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-text" data-lang="text"><span style="display:flex;"><span>4 = čtení (r)
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>2 = zápis (w)
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>1 = spuštění (x)
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>644 = vlastník rw, skupina r, ostatní r
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>755 = vlastník rwx, skupina rx, ostatní rx</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>chown</code> — změna vlastníka
|
||
<div id="chown--změna-vlastníka" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#chown--zm%c4%9bna-vlastn%c3%adka" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>chown user:group soubor.txt <span style="color:#75715e"># změna vlastníka i skupiny</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www <span style="color:#75715e"># rekurzivně (typické pro web server)</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">7. Systémové služby – systemd
|
||
<div id="7-systémové-služby--systemd" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#7-syst%c3%a9mov%c3%a9-slu%c5%beby--systemd" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Stav služby
|
||
<div id="stav-služby" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#stav-slu%c5%beby" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>systemctl status nginx
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>systemctl status sshd</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Start / stop / restart
|
||
<div id="start--stop--restart" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#start--stop--restart" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo systemctl start nginx
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo systemctl stop nginx
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo systemctl restart nginx
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo systemctl reload nginx <span style="color:#75715e"># znovu načte config bez restartu</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Povolení při startu systému
|
||
<div id="povolení-při-startu-systému" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#povolen%c3%ad-p%c5%99i-startu-syst%c3%a9mu" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo systemctl enable nginx <span style="color:#75715e"># povolí autostart</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo systemctl enable --now nginx <span style="color:#75715e"># povolí + hned spustí (doporučeno)</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo systemctl disable nginx <span style="color:#75715e"># zakáže autostart</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Logy – journalctl
|
||
<div id="logy--journalctl" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#logy--journalctl" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>journalctl -xe <span style="color:#75715e"># posledních X záznamů s kontextem chyb</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>journalctl -u nginx <span style="color:#75715e"># logy konkrétní služby</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>journalctl -u nginx -f <span style="color:#75715e"># živý výstup (follow)</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>journalctl --since <span style="color:#e6db74">"1 hour ago"</span> <span style="color:#75715e"># logy za poslední hodinu</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>journalctl -p err -b <span style="color:#75715e"># jen chyby od posledního bootu</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">8. Síťové příkazy
|
||
<div id="8-síťové-příkazy" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#8-s%c3%ad%c5%a5ov%c3%a9-p%c5%99%c3%adkazy" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>ip a</code> — zobrazení síťových rozhraní
|
||
<div id="ip-a--zobrazení-síťových-rozhraní" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#ip-a--zobrazen%c3%ad-s%c3%ad%c5%a5ov%c3%bdch-rozhran%c3%ad" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>ip a <span style="color:#75715e"># všechna rozhraní + IP adresy</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>ip a show eth0 <span style="color:#75715e"># konkrétní rozhraní</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>ip r <span style="color:#75715e"># routovací tabulka</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>ping</code> — test dostupnosti
|
||
<div id="ping--test-dostupnosti" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#ping--test-dostupnosti" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>ping archlinux.org
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>ping -c <span style="color:#ae81ff">4</span> 8.8.8.8 <span style="color:#75715e"># pošle jen 4 pakety</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>curl</code> — HTTP požadavky
|
||
<div id="curl--http-požadavky" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#curl--http-po%c5%beadavky" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>curl https://archlinux.org <span style="color:#75715e"># stáhni obsah stránky</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>curl -I https://archlinux.org <span style="color:#75715e"># jen hlavičky (HTTP status atd.)</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>curl -O https://example.com/soubor.tar.gz <span style="color:#75715e"># stáhni soubor</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>curl -s https://api.ipify.org <span style="color:#75715e"># zjisti svoji veřejnou IP</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>ss</code> — síťová spojení a porty
|
||
<div id="ss--síťová-spojení-a-porty" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#ss--s%c3%ad%c5%a5ov%c3%a1-spojen%c3%ad-a-porty" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>ss -tuln <span style="color:#75715e"># všechny naslouchající TCP/UDP porty</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>ss -tulnp <span style="color:#75715e"># + zobrazí proces</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>ss -s <span style="color:#75715e"># souhrn statistik</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">9. Užitečné nástroje
|
||
<div id="9-užitečné-nástroje" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#9-u%c5%beite%c4%8dn%c3%a9-n%c3%a1stroje" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>yay</code> — správce AUR balíčků
|
||
<div id="yay--správce-aur-balíčků" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#yay--spr%c3%a1vce-aur-bal%c3%ad%c4%8dk%c5%af" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<p>AUR obsahuje tisíce balíčků mimo oficiální repozitáře.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># Instalace yay (jednorázově):</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo pacman -Syu --needed git base-devel
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>cd yay <span style="color:#f92672">&&</span> makepkg -si
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"># Použití:</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>yay -Syu <span style="color:#75715e"># aktualizace včetně AUR</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>yay -S visual-studio-code-bin <span style="color:#75715e"># instalace z AUR</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>yay -Ss spotify <span style="color:#75715e"># hledání v AUR</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>rsync</code> — synchronizace a zálohy
|
||
<div id="rsync--synchronizace-a-zálohy" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#rsync--synchronizace-a-z%c3%a1lohy" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>rsync -avh ~/dokumenty/ /mnt/backup/dokumenty/ <span style="color:#75715e"># lokální záloha</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>rsync -avh ~/dokumenty/ user@server:/backup/ <span style="color:#75715e"># na vzdálený server</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>rsync -avh --delete ~/web/ user@server:/var/www/web/ <span style="color:#75715e"># zrcadlení</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>rsync -n -avh ~/dokumenty/ /mnt/backup/ <span style="color:#75715e"># dry run</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p><code>-a</code> = archivní mód, <code>-v</code> = verbose, <code>-h</code> = human-readable</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group"><code>du</code> a <code>df</code> — místo na disku
|
||
<div id="du-a-df--místo-na-disku" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#du-a-df--m%c3%adsto-na-disku" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>df -h <span style="color:#75715e"># místo na všech připojených discích</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>df -h /home <span style="color:#75715e"># konkrétní oddíl</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>du -sh ~/dokumenty <span style="color:#75715e"># velikost adresáře</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>du -sh /var/cache/pacman/pkg <span style="color:#75715e"># kolik zabírá cache pacmanu</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>du -h --max-depth<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> /var <span style="color:#75715e"># přehled velikostí podadresářů</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">10. Tipy na závěr
|
||
<div id="10-tipy-na-závěr" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#10-tipy-na-z%c3%a1v%c4%9br" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Aliasy – zkratky pro časté příkazy
|
||
<div id="aliasy--zkratky-pro-časté-příkazy" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#aliasy--zkratky-pro-%c4%8dast%c3%a9-p%c5%99%c3%adkazy" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<p>Přidej do <code>~/.bashrc</code> nebo <code>~/.zshrc</code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias update<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'sudo pacman -Syu'</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias ll<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'ls -lah'</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias ..<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'cd ..'</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias ...<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'cd ../..'</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias grep<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'grep --color=auto'</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias df<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'df -h'</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias du<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'du -h'</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>alias syslog<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">'journalctl -xe'</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p>Po úpravě:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>source ~/.bashrc</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="relative group">Historie příkazů
|
||
<div id="historie-příkazů" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#historie-p%c5%99%c3%adkaz%c5%af" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>history <span style="color:#75715e"># zobrazí historii</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>history | grep pacman <span style="color:#75715e"># hledej v historii</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>!! <span style="color:#75715e"># zopakuj poslední příkaz</span>
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>!ssh <span style="color:#75715e"># zopakuj poslední příkaz začínající na "ssh"</span></span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
<p>Klávesové zkratky:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-text" data-lang="text"><span style="display:flex;"><span>Ctrl+R → interaktivní hledání v historii
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> → piš část příkazu, Enter = spustí, Ctrl+R znovu = starší shoda</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="relative group">Cheat Sheet
|
||
<div id="cheat-sheet" class="anchor"></div>
|
||
|
||
<span
|
||
class="absolute top-0 w-6 transition-opacity opacity-0 -start-6 not-prose group-hover:opacity-100 select-none">
|
||
<a class="text-primary-300 dark:text-neutral-700 !no-underline" href="#cheat-sheet" aria-label="Kotva">#</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<div class="highlight-wrapper"><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"><code class="language-text" data-lang="text"><span style="display:flex;"><span>╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ARCH LINUX — CHEAT SHEET ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╦═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ SYSTÉM ║ uname -a → info o kernelu ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ uptime → jak dlouho běží ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ htop → procesy a zátěž ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╬═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ PACMAN ║ pacman -Syu → aktualizace ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ pacman -Syu → instalace ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ pacman -Rns → odebrání ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ pacman -Ss → hledání v repozitáři ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ pacman -Qs → hledání v instalovaných ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╬═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ SOUBORY ║ ls -lah → výpis adresáře ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ cp -r src/ dst/ → kopírování ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ mv src dst → přesun / přejmenování ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ rm -rf slozka/ → smazání (POZOR!) ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ mkdir -p a/b/c → vytvoření cesty ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╬═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ OBSAH SOUBORŮ ║ cat soubor → výpis ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ less soubor → stránkování ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ grep "text" soubor→ hledání ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╬═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ SYSTEMD ║ systemctl status → stav služby ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ systemctl enable ║ ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ --now → povol + spusť ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ journalctl -xe → logy s chybami ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ journalctl -u svc → logy služby ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╬═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ SÍŤ ║ ip a → síťová rozhraní ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ ss -tuln → otevřené porty ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ curl -s URL → HTTP požadavek ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╬═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ DISK ║ df -h → místo na discích ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ du -sh /cesta → velikost adresáře ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╠══════════════════╬═══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ HISTORY ║ Ctrl+R → hledání v historii ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>║ ║ !! → zopakuj poslední příkaz ║
|
||
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>╚══════════════════╩═══════════════════════════════════════════════╝</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
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href="/posts/novy-arch-linux-iso-s-kernelem-6-16/">
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<span class="leading-6">
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<span class="inline-block rtl:rotate-180">←</span> Nový Arch Linux ISO s kernelem 6.16
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<span class="ms-6 mt-1 text-xs text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400">
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<time datetime="2025-09-01T00:00:00+00:00">1. září 2025</time>
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<span class="leading-6">
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Archinstall 4.2 – novinky v instalátoru Arch Linuxu <span class="inline-block rtl:rotate-180">→</span>
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<span class="me-6 mt-1 text-xs text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400">
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<time datetime="2026-04-20T00:00:00+00:00">20. dubna 2026</time>
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© 2026 Arch Linux CZ
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·
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Postaveno na <a class="hover:underline hover:decoration-primary-400 hover:text-primary-500" href="https://gohugo.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hugo</a> & <a class="hover:underline hover:decoration-primary-400 hover:text-primary-500" href="https://blowfish.page/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blowfish</a>
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